PETROLEUM DERIVATIVES

A derivative is a processed oil refineries using oil as a raw material product. Depending on the composition of crude and demand, refineries can produce different petroleum products. Most oil is used as feedstock for energy, for example gasoline. Also they produce chemicals that can be used in chemical processes to produce plastic and / or other useful materials. Because the oil containing 2% sulfur, large amounts of it is obtained. Hydrogen and carbon in the form of petroleum coke can also be produced as petroleum. The hydrogen produced is normally used as an intermediate for other processes such as hydrocracking or hydrodesulphurisation.

The following are the most common derivatives are usually obtained in the distillation towers. We all ordered from the heaviest to the lightest compound:

 Solid waste
 oils and lubricants
 Oil and fuel
 Kerosene
 solvents
 LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)


Oil Refining



A refinery is a huge complex where the crude oil is first subjected to a distillation process or physical separation and then to extract chemical processes that allow much of the variety of components it contains.



In simple terms, the operation of a refinery such met as follows:


The first step in the refining of crude oil plays in the towers of "topping" or "atmospheric distillation". Inside these towers operate at a pressure near atmospheric and are divided into several chambers that are called "trays" or "plates". Each tray has a different temperature and serves to divide the components of oil. The oil reaches these towers after passing through an oven, where is "cooked" at temperatures up to 400 degrees Celsius, making it steam.



The main product obtained from oil refining is the petrol engine. The volume of each refinery gasoline is the result obtained using the scheme. On average, for every barrel of oil entering a refinery it is obtained 40 and 50 percent gasoline. The rich natural gas in petrochemical gases can also be processed in refineries to obtain different products for use in the petrochemical industry.




Distillation is the fundamental operation for oil refining. Your goal is to get through heating, separate the various components of crude. When the oil reaches the refinery is subjected to a so-called process "Fractional Distillation".

Heated Crude Oil Spreading physically different fractions of direct distillation, differentiated by specific points of Boiling and classified by descending order of volatility, gases, light distillates, middle distillates,



Several distillation systems:


 Atmospheric Distillation:
Crude oil is preheated desalinated using heat recovered from the process. Then passes crude heater Direct heating load, and from there to the distillation column Vertical, just above the bottom, pressures slightly above atmospheric.