United States and its oil production

United States became the largest producer of oil in the world for the first time since 1975 thanks to oil shale, announced Wednesday the British company BP.

"The United States has surpassed Saudi Arabia and Russia as the world's largest oil producer for the first time since 1975," said CEO of the company, Bob Dudley, in a report.

"The implications of the US shale revolution are profound," he added.

The world oil supply grew as never before in 2014 to 2,100,000 barrels per day. This increase was mainly due to the growth of 1.6 million barrels per day of US production.

According to the report, this is the first time a country to extending their supply by more than 1 million barrels diariosdurante three consecutive years.

Screenshot 06.11.2015 at 10.17.18Por example, the United States has significantly reduced its imports, to the point of giving China the largest importer place.

Oil shale is an unconventional technique that involves injecting water at high pressure to fracture rocks located at depths of between 1,500 and 2.400 meters oil extracted by "fracking," or hydraulic fracturing.

This technique has expanded the possibilities of extracting oil to many other countries and is a threat to the dominance of the traditional producers.

PETROBAL, PRIVATE FIRST OIL COMPANY OF MEXICO

Bal group company that owns Palacio de Hierro and Peñoles Mining announced the creation of the first private oil company of Mexico: Petro Bal.

According to El País, Carlos Morales Gil, former president of Pemex Exploration and Production, the directive will head the new company by the second richest man in the country, Alberto Baillères created.

The Mexican group has four main divisions: agricultural, commercial, industrial and financial, all operating in Mexico, other Latin American countries and the United States. Bal group even has a division responsible for developing energy projects electricity self-sufficiency for its mining projects and its subsidiary Fresnillo, Zacatecas.

PetroBal Private Oil Company

According to Luis Miguel Labardini, expert consultant on the subject, most private oil companies will come along this year because several Mexican companies have expressed interest in entering this sector. These include: Grupo Carso, Grupo Alfa and Cemex, which even seek alliances with other Mexican companies, Labardini explained to CNN Expansion.

Despite the instability of oil prices, Mexican companies would be willing to invest, because according to experts this is the best time to support a project in this sector and in a few years, when prices stabilize these companies they can reap the full benefits offered by the market.

Top 10: The largest petrochemical industries in the world

1. BASF SE is the largest chemical manufacturer in the world and is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, BASF Germany.The Group has subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries and operates six integrated production and other 390 production centers in Europe, Asia, Australia, America and Africa.





2. The Dow Chemical Co., commonly known as Dow, is an American multinational chemical company headquartered in Midland, Michigan, United Unidos.Es the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue (after BASF)



3. Exxon Mobil Corp., or ExxonMobil, is an organization of American multinational oil and gas company based in Irving, Texas, United States. It is a direct descendant of the Standard Oil Company of John D. Rockefeller, was formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil (formerly Standard Oil of New Jersey and Standard Oil of New York). It is affiliated with Imperial Oil which operates in Canada.



4. LyondellBasell Industries NV (NYSE: LYB) is a public multinational chemical company with American and European roots, which is incorporated in the Netherlands, with operating headquarters in Houston, Texas, and London, UK. It was formed in December 2007 by the acquisition of Lyondell Chemical Company by Basell Polyolefins.



5. Ineos Group Limited (known as INEOS) is an international privately owned chemical company based in Rolle, Switzerland, established in Lyndhurst, UK. It is located within the top ten companies manufacturing chemicals.



6. SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation) is a diversified manufacturing company, active in chemicals and intermediates, industrial polymers, fertilizers and metals. It is the largest public company in Saudi Arabia. It was the fourth largest chemical manufacturer in the world in 2013. Today it is the second largest ethylene producer globally.



7. Formosa Plastics Corporation is a Taiwan company based in Taiwan which mainly produces polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins and other plastics intermediates.



8. Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. is a major Japanese chemical company. The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It was founded in 1913 as a manufacturing plant fertilizer.



9. DuPont (short for EI du Pont de Nemours and Co.) is a multinational American company, mainly dedicated to various industries of chemistry. It is famous for having developed materials such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, lycra, plexiglass, Teflon, Kevlar, Nomex, Tyvek, Sontara or Corian.



10. Chevron Phillips is a chemical manufacturer jointly owned by Chevron Corporation and Phillips. The company was formed on July 1, 2000 through the merger of the operations of chemicals, both Chevron Corporation and Phillips Petroleum Company. It is a major producer of ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, K-Resin (R) SBC, Ryton Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), alpha olefins, polyalphaolefins, aromatics and a wide range of specialty chemicals.

History of the oil industry in Mexico

For more than three centuries ago, Mexico has benefited from the vast oil fields that are part of the national territory; Today, this industry represents a major national economic resources. In the first two months of 2012, revenues from oil exports reached the 7000 $ 846 million, according to the Ministry of Finance.
The oil industry over time
1783
They enter into force the Royal Ordinances for Mining of the New Spain, they determined that all extracted underground wealth, including oil, belonged to the Spanish Crown and, therefore, only this entity had the right to grant the particular resource exploitation.
1884
After the War of Independence, the government issued a document called the Mining Code of the United Mexican States repealing the Mining Ordinances. This new legislation intended to encourage oil investment and, above all, to transfer the sovereign right to exploit the subsoil.
1892
Mining Code of the Mexican Republic, it stipulates that only the owner of the land freely exploit mineral fuels, as long as the federal property tax is covered is enacted.
1901
the first Petroleum Act which allows the President to grant permits to companies and individuals to exploit land owned by the nation is issued.
1911
Several foreign companies from the Petroleum Law, begin to expand in the nation. Begin Mexican oil exports to the United States, Europe and Latin America.
1912
The government of Francisco I. Madero decrees, especially in the form of stamp duty, the first lien on crude oil production.
1917
Since the promulgation of the Constitution of the United Mexican States establishes in Article 27 that the nation is restored ownership of mineral resources. Because of this, many oil companies are grouped to form the Association of Petroleum Producers in Mexico, as a response to the enactment of the new constitution.
1918
Venustiano Carranza imposed new taxes on the oil industry, they consisted in an annual rental fee and 5% royalty on all the oil lands developed by the surface owners or lessors.
1933
Mexican Eagle Oil Company discovered the deposits of Poza Rica, Veracruz, making this area a new region of great potential. The project of a national oil company takes shape with the creation of the Petroleum Company of Mexico, S.A. (Petromex), an enterprise involving mismanagement and private investors.
1935
the Union of Oil Workers way (STPRM).
1937
The government created the National Petroleum Administration (AGPN), to which he transferred Petromex properties.
1938
The then President Lazaro Cardenas decreed on March 18, the expropriation of the oil industry. To rearrange, concentrate and coordinate nationalized industry the government of Mexico created, on June 7, Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) and Distribuidora de Petroleos Mexicanos.
1940
Pemex is reformed as a single entity that is vertically over the entire oil industry. To address the problem of fuel supply large quantities of crude oil intended for refining abroad and the construction of the refinery Poza Rica is completed.
1941
Pemex Exploration creates the Department to reverse the downward trend of production.
1946
Pemex discovered in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, major oil and gas. In November the new facilities were opened Azcapotzalco refinery (known as "March 18") with capacity to process 50,000 barrels of crude.
1950
two new refineries in Salamanca and complementing Reynosa refinery "March 18" are constructed.
1957
To stimulate the development of 500 million pesos Pemex issued bonds in stabilized. works Tampico-Monterrey pipeline are completed. It is obtained for the first time in Mexico oil formations of the Jurassic period.
1965
the Mexican Petroleum Institute is created; It emerged as part of efforts in the vertical integration of the oil industry.
1976
the exploitation of undersea deposits in the Campeche begins. Chac, the first offshore field in this area, giving rise to new discoveries and settling the Cantarell complex.
1989
Creates Pemex subsidiary Pemex International, with the aim of establishing a modern and efficient for conducting international business organizational framework.
1992
On July 15 the Executive enacts a new Organic Law of Petroleos Mexicanos, it determines the creation of a corporate body and four Subsidiaries: Pemex Exploration and Production (PEP), Pemex Refining (PXR), Pemex Gas and Basic Petrochemicals (PGPB) and Pemex Petrochemical (PPQ).
2004
The international oil market faces a number of circumstances that caused high volatility in oil prices. In December, the peso devaluation following the capital flight that had hit the country in the last year of the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari decreed. The accumulation of a huge short-term debt (30 billion dollars in tesobonos) is intended to cover the deficit of the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit.
2005
In February emergency loans are signed with the Monetary Stabilization Fund of the United States by 14 billion dollars and the International Monetary Fund by 17 billion dollars. All contracts offered as collateral resources Pemex and these funds were liquidated s debts.
2007-2008
The annual oil production in Mexico increased to reach the figure of 1,237 million barrels, standing out in this category field Cantarell complex.
2012
Mexico celebrates the 74th Anniversary of the Oil Expropriation. Also, Pemex drilled in Jujo field in Tabasco, the deepest on record in the industry horizontal well. Meanwhile, the Chicontepec field increased production by more than 50% last year.
With information from the Center for Historical Studies of El Colegio de Mexico and Dr. Carlos Marichal.
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Venezuela in danger, do you know why?

Because as he had been saying for at least two years, a recent report published by Los Angeles Times says that "in 2011 an independent company hired by Washington made a wrong estimate of technically recoverable oil in the largest field
shale of the country, located in Monterey, California, which contains about two-thirds of shale oil reserves in the nation.

According to that estimate, you would get about 13,700 million barrels of oil. However, a recent report says that the amount shall not exceed 600 million barrels, that is, an amount 96% lower than expected and that, as noted by the trade publication Business Insider, equivalent to the total oil reserves in Bolivia .

That misjudgment 2011 had been billed as the hope to reduce the country's need to import oil from abroad, according to The Los Angeles Times. And the amount reported is now negligible if one considers that only could meet the energy needs in the US
corresponding to 33 days. "

From the above four initial conclusions:

a) that the energy dependence of the United States will remain very high, and perhaps increased depending on the evolution of domestic demand, and that this trend will strengthen warmongering empire to try to ensure the production of its oil needs by
any means.

Do not forget that the military intervention of the United States in third countries had as root causes oil and alleged threats to "national security" posed by "rogue" governments (in fact, worthy governments were unwilling to
sacrificing national self-determination);

b) plans to destroy OPEC from
oil self-sufficiency will have to be stored for a long time, perhaps permanently, which is a harsh setback for US foreign policy.

c) Given the above the White House will intensify its seditious and destituyente offensive against the Bolivarian Venezuela, strengthening its logistics, financial, organizational and media to their pawns on the ground support, which are presented as a "peaceful opposition" when in fact they are mercenaries of the empire with the mission of breaking the constitutional order and bring down the Bolivarian government.

significant fact: the several hundred hooligans arrested by the authorities only students make up 20% and a similar proportion is made up of foreigners, some of whom do not speak Castilian. In light of the news published by The
Angeles Times is expected to increase the destabilizing pressure orchestrated by Washington.

d) that the bullying of Obama and Kerry in that
would supply oil and gas to Ukraine to help that country to be swallowed up by NATO and the European Union have been reduced to this: a mere bluster devoid of substance and no practical effect other than an attempt to deceive the naive.

Unfortunately for Washington, oil and gas are found with increasing frequency in countries that are not willing to kneel before the mandates of the White House. Therefore, economic levers to operate in Ukraine are extremely weak.

United States is already the biggest oil producer in the world

Bob Dudley, director of the company British Petroleum, announced that the United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, according to its report of last year's data.
"America has it surpassed Saudi Arabia and Russia as the leading producer of oil for the first time since 1975," it reported based on the Statistical Abstract of World Energy 2015.
In addition to their imports have decreased, including those offered by Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), its outstanding rise was due to extraction of oil shale by fracking, a technique that fractured rock by injecting water under high pressure, which can generate earthquakes and contaminate large amounts of human vital liquid, according to recent studies.
According to the Agency for Environmental Protection of the United States, the "vast majority of fresh water wells used" and on average, each spent 5.7 million liters of water.
"The [production] implications of the US shale revolution are profound," said Dudley in London.
The BP chief economist, Spencer Dale, said that growth in the United States was 1.6 million barrels a day, which also earned him the first to grow its production by more than one million barrels a day for three consecutive years.
The world oil supply rose in total last year to 2.1 million barrels per day.
The Texas Intermediate crude oil (WTI) rose again Tuesday strongly 2.14 percent to settle at $ 61.43 a barrel, after learning an increase in oil demand.
In this context, yesterday the Department of Energy of the US government said in a statement that its oil production since mid-2014 has been more resistant to lower oil prices than many expected.
On June 4, the Agency for Environment Protection (EPA in its acronym in English) released its report on the vulnerabilities that fracking poses for drinking water. The paper admits that this mining technique involves certain dangers by high consumption of water resources and contamination of groundwater.
Both patents are most aquifers showing extraction of gas by fracturing the rock containing it by injecting water under high pressure chemical threats.
EU is at the forefront of this method of extraction gasística. The EPA estimates that 9.4 million people live within 1.6 kilometers of wells and 6000 800 water sources that serve the public network are in that range. Water for 8.6 million citizens in 2013.
However, the EPA maintains that, so far, fracking has not led to "systematic and widespread impact" on water for human consumption. The damaging potential fracking focuses, according to the collection agency, first, on the huge amount of water required by this way to bring out pockets of gas locked in underground rock. The data report that between 2011 and 2012 166 320 million liters were required. The document says that is 1% of the water used annually in the country.

1. The second axis on which is based the study's own groundwater contamination due to the large quantity and toxicity of chemicals that are injected with water. The EPA says that "there have been cases, both for routine activities and accidents, which have involved impacts on surface and groundwater." And then he says that "spills of fluids used for fracking and contaminated water reserves have reached drinking water."

The two great rivals of

The two great rivals of soft drinks companies Coca Cola and Pepsi, now compete to be the first to sell its carbonated beverage in a plastic bottle that contains no petroleum. As explained a few days ago The New York Times, both brands face this time to see who gives the formula for market before a package made entirely from plants. This is far from Spain, although in 2012 may reach any news related to it to supermarkets. Here, the biggest changes in plastic bottles for food have to do with the use of recycled PET. And do not get on the shelves of soda, but in another drink, paradoxically, even more uses plastic containers: water.

The latest step has been to Coca Cola, which reported last week in Atlanta for an agreement with three biotech companies -Virent, Gevo and Avantium- to accelerate the development of a bottle made from vegetables. Since 2009, in twenty countries, this brand already sells its famous drink in a PET container made 30% with plants, but now the goal is to reach 100% within a few years. Meanwhile, Pepsi went ahead in March with the announcement of a bottle made entirely from bioplastic, which already would be ready to begin testing next year to produce 200,000 units.

What brand will win this time: Pepsi or Coke? According to The New York Times, the race for producing a large-scale container and for these sodas can be long. In any case, the plastic comes from plants does not want to say it will not have environmental or social impacts. Questions remain to be resolved before declaring victory.
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PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) is a polymer generally formed by 30% by MEG (monoethylene glycol) and 70% PTA (terephthalic acid). Part of MEG, an alcohol, is what Coca Cola has already managed to replace using Brazilian sugar cane on their bottles with the label "plantbottel" (pictured). This package made by 30% from 100% recyclable and vegetables (1) is not marketed in Spain. However, according to Giovanni Beltran, Coca Cola Spain, it is expected to hit supermarkets in 2012.

For the next generation of this beverage containers that lograse manufacture and entirely from plant it should also replace part of PTA, which is more difficult. The question is: Is not this one of many marketing operations then not solve anything? Why is this interesting bottle for carbonated soft drink with 100% plastic made with plants? According to Antonio Balairón, president of the National Association for PET Container (ANEP), conventional plastics are manufactured in petrochemical byproducts from petroleum distillation, so it does not consider that a bottle made with vegetables reduce overall consumption oil (used mainly for fuels and oils). Now if I could avoid the use of these petroleum and reduce adverse effects of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere (the same gas bubbles these soft drinks). Especially if the bottle will bear the name of one of the most consumed brands in the world.

In fact, there is already some other container made of bioplastic, but does not have much impact. Coca Cola marketed in USA own bottle HDPE (high density polyethylene) made with 100% vegetable juices for Odwalla, which can not be used for carbonated beverages. However, the effects are not the same: According to the Atlanta soft drink brand, manufacturing since 2009 of 10,000 million of its containers made Coca Cola 30% with plants has prevented the emission into the atmosphere of 100,000 tons CO2 annually.

This would be the good part. The bad news is that the replacement of oil crops can also cause other serious problems (increased food prices, changes in land use ...). The real impact of these bottles future will depend largely on the type of plant used: to be seen what will become of the claims of both brands when they claim that their packaging waste could also use corn or other vegetable waste.

According Balairón in Spain bioplastics have not yet reached beverage bottles. The main change on the shelves of supermarkets has been the inclusion in some bottles of a percentage of recycled PET (1), but only in some brands of mineral water (it was previously not allowed to use recycled plastic in containers dedicated to food ). In this case, the use of petroleum virgin material is also reduced, but not replacing plant, but by previously used materials and recovered waste. This is regulated by royal decrees 846/2011 and 847/2011 this year, allowing a maximum of 50% recycled material and only water bottles. "I do not understand very well why only water, I guess because it is the plastic packaged beverage in Spain", this chemical incident, explaining that until now there has been no bottle that integrates more than 25% of PET recycled mainly by the shortage of this material in the market. "There is great demand of recycled PET for many other things, such as fibers, sheets, hangers, sheets".

Today there is no approved suppliers of recycled PET for food in Spain, so much comes from a plant of Beaune, in eastern France, related to the Group La Seda de Barcelona (LSB). The director of this facility, Frédéric Blanchard, complained last November of the lack of post-consumer PET quality in the market for processing in the food sector. This occurs because the demand for other multiple uses, but also by the difficulty of extracting currently a pure waste of PET that is not mixed with other plastics. As Balairón incident, the label itself around some PET bottles is now composed of PVC, which is then very difficult to separate in the recycling plants. According to this chemical compound other hard time distinguishing the PET is the PLA (polilático acid), a biodegradable polymer made from vegetables.

Thus, either to replace the petroleum-processed materials from waste or new bioplastics which should preferably be manufactured from waste vegetable, and also reciclarse-, the key would be again in the